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Pennsylvania Hospital in Centre City Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania Hospital in Centre City Philadelphia, founded in 1751 by Benjamin Franklin, is the first hospital in the United States, and home to the oldest Surgical Amphitheater in the country. It is part of the University of Pennsylvania, one of the nation’s first universities, founded in 1749, also by Benjamin Franklin.

Swipe to see the exterior of the original hospital building, and notice the round railing feature at the top. This surrounds the skylight above the Surgical Amphitheater, a necessary feature considering there was no electrical lighting when it was built. As a result, surgeries could only be scheduled on sunny days around noon.

Constructed in 1804, this historic venue inaugurated American clinical teaching by bringing the patient into the lecture room with the students.

Procedures were performed with bare hands and dirty instruments, as sterile technique was not mandatory in American hospitals until 1900. Also, until 1840 operations were performed without the benefit of anesthesia. Patients were given the choice of opium, liquor, or a knock on the head with a rubber mallet to render them unconscious!

In the early 19th century, Philadelphia was known as the “Athens of America”. The city attracted the best and brightest seeking medical education and clinical instruction unavailable anywhere else in the United States.

The opening of the Surgical Amphitheater marked the establishment of surgery as a recognized discipline in the United States, as at that time physicians and surgeons trained in different guilds, with surgery holding lesser status.

Although it ceased to function for surgeries in 1868, it has been in continuous use for over 200 years, serving a variety of non-clinical functions such as a lounge and dining room, and now as a museum.

As a native Philadelphian, professor of anatomy, and student of the history of science and medicine, it was a thrill to visit this hallowed ground.

Today is Dantedì, a celebration of the life and w

Today is Dantedì, a celebration of the life and works of Dante Alighieri, author of the Divine Comedy, the greatest literary work in Italy.

He is the Father of the Italian language, and is considered il Sommo Poeta, or the Supreme Poet.

His 1321 depiction of Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven in the Divine Comedy has inspired Western art, culture, and literature for centuries!

Buon Dantedì a tutti!
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Just another day in anatomy lab! Expanding minds a

Just another day in anatomy lab! Expanding minds and changing lives!
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Today, is the first day of Spring! Let’s celebra

Today, is the first day of Spring! Let’s celebrate with Botticelli's Primavera, or Springtime (1477).

Reading the narrative from right to left, we see Zephyr, the first wind of Spring, kidnapping the forest nymph Chloris. He impregnates her with a breath and transforms her into the deity Flora, the clearly pregnant woman who is scattering flowers. Botanists have identified over 500 species in this painting!  In the center stands Venus, the Goddess of love, and above her is Cupid, the child from her union with Mars. The model for Venus, and for many of the goddesses and Madonnas painted by Botticelli is Simonetta Vespucci. Botticelli was in love with Simonetta who died of tuberculosis in her youth.
 Look closely at the position of Venus and the shape of the sky between the branches in the second image. She is center, or the heart of the composition. Is there any goddess more perfectly suited to represent the heart?

Further, she is flanked between two lung-shaped openings in the flora! Is Botticelli highlighting the connection between Love (Heart, Venus) and Life (Lungs, Divine Wind, Breath)? Is he paying homage to his love, Simonetta, who died from a respiratory ailment? Is he intentionally superimposing the shape of human organs into his art?

Botticelli’s Primavera is a perfect example of the Connection Between Art and Anatomy in Italy!

Happy first day of Spring!!
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In celebration of March 19 as Father’s Day in It

In celebration of March 19 as Father’s Day in Italy and Saint Joseph’s Day in the USA, enjoy this image from the Baroque Chapel of Saint Joseph, honoring the Earthly Father of Jesus, inside the Church of Saint Dominic, Palermo, Sicily.   Buona Festa della Papà a Tutti!
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Let’s celebrate the Street Art of Florence! •

Let’s celebrate the Street Art of Florence!
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In continued celebration of Valentine’s Day, Psy

In continued celebration of Valentine’s Day, Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss, a 1787 Neoclassical sculpture by Antonio Canova exhibited at the Louvre, Paris.
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In celebration of Valentines Day, The Kiss (Il Bac

In celebration of Valentines Day, The Kiss (Il Bacio) the most popular and beloved masterpiece by Francesco Hayez (1859), pioneer of Italian Romanticism, exhibited at Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan, Italy
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Portraits of the Founders of Anatomy in the Hall o

Portraits of the Founders of Anatomy in the Hall of Medicine at the University of Padua, Italy. This room is still in use, and is where today’s medical students are examined for graduation by their professors, under the watchful eye of Padua’s most famous physicians from five centuries ago.

Top left: Andreas Vesalius, chair of anatomy and surgery in Padua as well as author of De Humani Corporis Fabrica (1543), the first modern anatomy textbook, a masterpiece of art and science. Vesalius is considered the Father of Human Anatomy.

Top right: Realdo Colombo, a student of Vesalius who succeeded him as chair of anatomy. Colombo coined the term placenta, and discovered the pulmonary circuit, paving the way for one of his students, William Harvey, to discover the circulation of blood years later. He was physician to and personal friend of Michelangelo, and they were collaborating on an anatomy textbook that was sadly never realized.  Bottom left: Gabriele Falloppio, whose anatomical contributions are enormous. He was the first to describe in detail the tympanic membrane (ear drum); the oval and round windows and their communication to the vestibule and cochlea of the inner ear; and the abdominal vessels now called lacteals. Of course he is most famous for giving his name to the Fallopian (uterine) tubes.

Bottom right: Girolamo Fabricius Acquapendente, student of Falloppio, designed the first permanent theater for public anatomical dissection in 1595, a stunning structure connected to this very room that can still be visited today. Among his vast contribution to anatomy, Fabricius was the first to describe the venous valves that prevent the back-flow of blood.  The skulls displayed along the bottom are of other anatomy professors at the University of Padua who donated their bodies to their students for dissection. This gift allowed these professors to continue teaching anatomy after their deaths!

Applications open Tuesday (1/17, 9AM) for Connecti

Applications open Tuesday (1/17, 9AM) for Connecting Art and Anatomy in Italy: SDSU Global Seminar Summer 2023! Two programs to select from: June 18-30 OR July 9-21!

In this program students visit museums in Europe’s oldest universities in Rome, Florence, Bologna and Padua, to see historic dissection theaters and centuries old anatomic wax sculptures. Visit also the Vatican Museums, Borghese Gallery, and Uffizi Gallery to view Renaissance masterpieces. Students enjoy all that Italy has to offer such as the world’s greatest food, the fountains of Rome, and the canals of Venice!

This 3-unit, Faculty-Led Global Seminar meets SDSU’s College of Health and Human Services (CHHS) undergraduate international experience requirement, and fulfills the GE, Explorations, Area C: Humanities graduation requirement.

For more info visit: anatomiaitaliana.com/sdsusummer/
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Scrovegni Chapel, by Giotto di Bondone (1305), Pad

Scrovegni Chapel, by Giotto di Bondone (1305), Padua, Italy is one of the most important masterpieces in Western Art.

The great revolutions of Giotto include the rendering of depth and the third dimension, as well as the representation of the human form in physicality and emotionality.

These concepts laid the foundations for Italian Renaissance Art.
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Saint Catherine of Bologna is an Italian Francisca

Saint Catherine of Bologna is an Italian Franciscan Order Poor Clare nun who died 560 years ago. Patron Saint of artists, musicians, the liberal arts, and against temptations, she has been venerated in Bologna from the time of her death in 1463.

Upon her passing, Catherine was buried in the convent graveyard. After eighteen days however, a sweet smell emanated from her grave. Her incorrupt body was exhumed and displayed in a chapel dressed in her religious habit and seated upright upon a glorious throne.

The Faithful are welcome to visit her to this day in The Church of Corpus Domini, also known as Chiesa della Santa, in Bologna, Italy, where she has been sitting, patiently, for over five centuries.
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Instagram post 17939458466542003

Instagram post 17939458466542003

Buona Domenica a Tutti da Firenze! • • • •

Buona Domenica a Tutti da Firenze!
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Galileo Galilei’s finger, removed from his tomb

Galileo Galilei’s finger, removed from his tomb in 1737, almost a century after his death in 1642, is displayed in a science museum dedicated to him in Florence, Italy.

Galileo, the father of modern science, was tried and convicted by the Roman Inquisition for his support of heliocentrism, placing the sun not the earth at the center of the universe. The court concluded that heliocentrism was foolish, absurd, and heretical since it contradicted Holy Scripture. Galileo barely escaped imprisonment, was forced to recant, and spent his remaining years under house arrest.

It’s left to the observer to decide if this finger points to the sky that he studied, or is a defiant message from the grave to those who convicted him considering it’s his middle finger!
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